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authorMichael Vogt <mvo@ubuntu.com>2014-10-06 17:42:39 +0200
committerMichael Vogt <mvo@ubuntu.com>2014-10-06 17:42:39 +0200
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-<!doctype debiandoc PUBLIC "-//DebianDoc//DTD DebianDoc//EN">
-<debiandoc>
- <book>
- <titlepag>
- <title> The APT project design document</title>
- <author>
- <name>Manoj Srivastava</name>
- <email>srivasta@debian.org</email>
- </author>
- <version>$Id: design.sgml,v 1.4 2003/02/12 15:05:45 doogie Exp $</version>
- <abstract>
- This document is an overview of the specifications and design
- goals of the APT project. It also attempts to give a broad
- description of the implementation as well.
- </abstract>
- <copyright>
- <copyrightsummary>Copyright &copy;1997 Manoj Srivastava
- </copyrightsummary>
- <p>
- APT, including this document, is free software; you may
- redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
- General Public License as published by the Free Software
- Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later
- version.</p>
- <p>
- This is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
- <em>without any warranty</em>; without even the implied
- warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular
- purpose. See the GNU General Public License for more
- details.</p>
-
- <p>
- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
- License with your Debian system, in
- <tt>/usr/share/common-licenses/GPL</tt>, or with the
- <prgn/debiandoc-sgml/ source package as the file
- <tt>COPYING</tt>. If not, write to the Free Software
- Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
- USA.</p>
- </copyright>
- </titlepag>
- <chapt id="introduction">
- <heading>Introduction</heading>
- <p>APT is supposed to be a replacement for dselect, and not a
- replacement for dpkg. However, since addition functionality
- has been required for APT, and given the fact that this is
- very closely related to dpkg, it is not unreasonable to expect
- that additional functionality in the underlying dpkg would
- also be requested.</p>
-
- <p> Deity/dselect are the first introduction that people have to
- Debian, and unfortunately this first impression contributes
- greatly to the public perception of the distribution. It is
- imperative that this be a showcase for Debian, rather than
- frighten novices away (which has been an accusation often
- levelled at the current system)</p>
- </chapt>
- <chapt>
- <heading>Requirements</heading>
- <p>
- <enumlist compact="compact">
- <item>
- <p>
- APT should be a replacement for dselect. Therefore it
- should have all the functionality that dselect has
- currently. This is the primary means of interaction
- between the user and the package management system, and
- it should be able to handle all tasks involved in
- installing, upgrading, and routine management without
- having the users take recourse to the underlying
- management system.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- It should be easier to use and less confusing for novice
- users. The primary stimulus for the creation of APT
- was the perceived intractability, complexity, and
- non-intuitive behavior of the existing user interface,
- and as such, human factors must be a primary mandate of
- APT.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- It should be able to group packages more flexibly, and
- possibly allow operations based on a group. One should
- be able to select, or deselect, a coherent group of
- related packages simultaneously, allowing one to add,
- remove, or upgrade functionality to a machine as one
- step.
- </p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- This would allow APT to handle <em>standard
- installations</em>, namely, one could then install a
- set of packages to enable a machine to fulfill specific
- tasks. Define a few standard installations, and which
- packages are included therein. The packages should be
- internally consistent.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Make use of a keywords field in package headers; provide
- a standard list of keywords for people to use. This
- could be the underpinning to allow the previous two
- requirements to work (though the developers are not
- constrained to implement the previous requirements using
- keywords)
- </p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Use dependencies, conflicts, and reverse dependencies to
- properly order packages for installation and
- removal. This has been a complaint in the past that the
- installation methods do not really understand
- dependencies, causing the upgrade process to break, or
- allowing the removal of packages that left the system in
- an untenable state by breaking the dependencies on
- packages that were dependent on the package being
- removed. A special emphasis is placed on handling
- pre-dependencies correctly; the target of a
- predependency has to be fully configured before
- attempting to install the pre-dependent package. Also,
- <em>configure immediately</em> requests mentioned below
- should be handled.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Handle replacement of a package providing a virtual
- package with another (for example, it has been very
- difficult replacing <prgn>sendmail</prgn> with
- <prgn>smail</prgn>, or vice versa), making sure that the
- dependencies are still satisfied. </p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Handle source lists for updates from multiple
- sources. APT should also be able to handle diverse
- methods of acquiring new packages; local filesystem,
- mountable CD-ROM drives, FTP accessible repositories are
- some of the methods that come to mind. Also, the source
- lists can be separated into categories, such as main,
- contrib, non-us, non-local, non-free, my-very-own,
- etc. APT should be set up to retrieve the Packages
- files from these multiple source lists, as well as
- retrieving the packages themselves. </p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Handle base of source and acquire all Packages files
- underneath. (possibly select based on architecture),
- this should be a simple extension of the previous
- requirement.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Handle remote installation (to be implemented maybe in a
- future version, it still needs to be designed). This
- would ease the burden of maintaining multiple Debian
- machines on a site. In the authors opinion this is a
- killer difference for the distribution, though it may be
- too hard a problem to be implemented with the initial
- version of APT. However, some thought must be given to
- this to enable APT to retain hooks for future
- functionality, or at least to refrain from methods that
- may preclude remote activity. It is desirable that
- adding remote installation not require a redesign of
- APT from the ground up.</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Be scalable. Dselect worked a lot better with 400
- packages, but at last count the number of packages was
- around twelve hundred and climbing. This also requires
- APT to pay attention to the needs of small machines
- which are low on memory (though this requirement shall
- diminish as we move towards bigger machines, it would
- still be nice if Debian worked on all old machines where
- Linux itself would work).</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>
- Handle install immediately requests. Some packages, like
- watchdog, are required to be working for the stability
- of the machine itself. There are others which may be
- required for the correct functioning of a production
- machine, or which are mission critical
- applications. APT should, in these cases, upgrade the
- packages with minimal downtime; allowing these packages
- to be one of potentially hundreds of packages being
- upgraded concurrently may not satisfy the requirements
- of the package or the site. (Watchdog, for example, if
- not restarted quickly, may cause the machine to reboot
- in the midst of installation, which may cause havoc on
- the machine)</p>
- </item>
- </enumlist>
- </p>
- </chapt>
- <chapt>
- <heading>Procedural description</heading>
- <p><taglist>
- <tag>Set Options</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- This process handles setting of user or
- site options, and configuration of all aspects of
- APT. It allows the user to set the location and order
- of package sources, allowing them to set up source list
- details, like ftp site locations, passwords,
- etc. Display options may also be set.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Updates</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Build a list of available packages, using
- source lists or a base location and trawling for
- Packages files (needs to be aware of architecture). This
- may involve finding and retrieving Packages files,
- storing them locally for efficiency, and parsing the
- data for later use. This would entail contacting various
- underlying access modules (ftp, cdrom mounts, etc) Use a
- backing store for speed. This may also require
- downloading the actual package files locally for
- speed.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Local status</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Build up a list of packages already
- installed. This requires reading and writing the local??
- status file. For remote installation, this should
- probably use similar mechanisms as the Packages file
- retrieval does. Use the backing store for speed. One
- should consider multiple backing stores, one for each
- machine.
- </p>
- </item>
- <tag>Relationship determination</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Determine forward and reverse dependencies. All known
- dependency fields should be acted upon, since it is
- fairly cheap to do so. Update the backing store with
- this information.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Selection</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Present the data to the user. Look at Behan Webster's
- documentation for the user interface procedures. (Note:
- In the authors opinion deletions and reverse
- dependencies should also be presented to the user, in a
- strictly symmetric fashion; this may make it easier to
- prevent a package being removed that breaks
- dependencies)
- </p>
- </item>
- <tag>Ordering of package installations and configuration </tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Build a list of events. Simple topological sorting gives
- order of packages in dependency order. At certain points
- in this ordering, predependencies/immediate configure
- directives cause an break in normal ordering. We need to
- insert the uninstall/purge directive in the stream
- (default: as early as possible).</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Action</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Take the order of installations and removals and build
- up a stream of events to send to the packaging system
- (dpkg). Execute the list of events if successful. Do not
- partially install packages and leave system in broken
- state. Go to The Selection step as needed.</p>
- </item>
-
- </taglist>
- </p>
- </chapt>
- <chapt>
- <heading>Modules and interfaces</heading>
- <p><taglist>
- <tag>The user interface module</tag>
- <item>
- <p> Look at Behan Webster's documentation.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Widget set</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Related closely to above Could some one present design
- decisions of the widget set here?</p>
- </item>
- <tag>pdate Module</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Distinct versions of the same package are recorded
- separately, but if multiple Packages files contain the
- same version of a package, then only the first one is
- recorded. For this reason, the least expensive update
- source should be listed first (local file system is
- better than a remote ftp site)</p>
- <p>
- This module should interact with the user interface
- module to set and change configuration parameters for
- the modules listed below. It needs to record that
- information in an on disk data file, to be read on
- future invocations. </p>
- <p><enumlist>
- <item>
- <p>FTP methods</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>mount and file traversal module(s)?</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>Other methods ???</p>
- </item>
- </enumlist>
- </p>
- </item>
- <tag>Status file parser/generator</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- The status file records the current state of the system,
- listing the packages installed, etc. The status file is
- also one method of communicating with dpkg, since it is
- perfectly permissible for the user to use APT to
- request packages be updated, put others on hold, mark
- other for removal, etc, and then run <tt>dpkg
- -BORGiE</tt> on a file system.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Package file parser/generator</tag>
- <item>
- <p>
- Related to above. Handle multiple Packages files, from
- different sources. Each package contains a link back to
- the packages file structure that contains details about
- the origin of the data. </p>
- </item>
- <tag>Dependency module</tag>
- <item>
- <p><list>
- <item>
- <p>dependency/conflict determination and linking</p>
- </item>
- <item>
- <p>reverse dependency generator. Maybe merged with above</p>
- </item>
- </list>
- </p>
- </item>
- <tag>Package ordering Module</tag>
- <item>
- <p>Create an ordering of the actions to be taken.</p>
- </item>
- <tag>Event generator</tag>
- <item>
- <p>module to interact with dpkg</p>
- </item>
- </taglist>
- </chapt>
- <chapt>
- <heading>Data flow and conversions analysis.</heading>
- <p>
- <example>
- ____________
- __\|ftp modules|
- / /|___________|
- _ ____________ / ________________
- | update | / |mount/local file|
- |==========================>| module |/_____\| traversals |
- | |_____________| /|________________|
- | ^ ^
- | | | ______________
- ______|_______ _ _____ ______ | _____v________ \| |
- |Configuration | |configuration| | |Packages Files| ===|Status file |
- | module |<=>| data | | |______________| / /|____________|
- |______________| |_____________| | ^ /
- ^ | | /
- | | _______v_______|/_
- | | | | ________________
- | | | |/_\| Dependency |
- | | |backing store |\ /| Module |
- | | |______________| _|_______________|
- | \ ^ /| ^
- | \ | / |
- | _\|____v_______|/__ ____v_______
- |_____________________________\| User interaction| | dpkg |
- /|_________________|<==>| Invoker |
- |___________|
-
- </example>
- <p> dpkg also interacts with status and available files.</p>
-
-
- <p>
- The backing store and the associated data structures are the
- core of APT. All modules essentially revolve around the
- backing store, feeding it data, adding and manipulating links
- and relationships between data in the backing store, allowing
- the user to interact with and modify the data in the backing
- store, and finally writing it out as the status file and
- possibly issuing directives to dpkg.</p>
-
- <p>The other focal point for APT is the user interface.</p>
- </chapt>
- </book>
-</debiandoc>